the civilization of the renaissance in italy-第76部分
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The gratitude shown by the inferior classes for kind treatment； and the good memory of the upper for politeness in social life； are instances of this。
This connexion between the imagination and the moral qualities of the Italian repeats itself continually。 If； nevertheless； we find more cold calculation in cases where the Northerner rather follows his impulses； the reason is that individual development in Italy was not only more marked and earlier in point of time； but also far more frequent。 Where this is the case in other countries； the results are also analogous。 We find； for example； that the early emancipation of the young from domestic and paternal authority is common to North America with Italy。 Later on； in the more generous natures； a tie of freer affection grows up between parents and children。
It is； in fact； a matter of extreme difficulty to judge fairly of other nations in the sphere of character and feeling。 In these respects a people may be developed highly； and yet in a manner so strange that a foreigner is utterly unable to understand it。 Perhaps all the nations of the West are in this point equally favored。
But where the imagination has exercised the most powerful and despotic influence on morals is in the illicit intercourse of the two sexes。 It is well known that prostitution was freely practiced in the Middle Ages； before the appearance of syphilis。 A discussion； however； on these questions does not belong to our present work。 What seems characteristic of Italy at this time； is that here marriage and its rights were more often and more deliberately trampled underfoot than anywhere else。 The girls of the higher classes were carefully secluded； and of them we do not speak。 All passion was directed to the married women。
Under these circumstances it is remarkable that； so far as we know； there was no diminution in the number of marriages； and that family life by no means underwent that disorganization which a similar state of things would have produced in the North。 Men wished to live as they pleased； but by no means to renounce the family； even when they were not sure that it was all their own。 Nor did the race sink； either physically or mentally； on this account； for that apparent intellectual decline which showed itself towards the middle of the sixteenth century may be certainly accounted for by political and ecclesiastical causes； even if we are not to assume that the circle of achievements possible to the Renaissance had been completed。 Notwithstanding their profligacy； the Italians continued to be； physically and mentally； one of the healthiest and best…born populations in Europe； and have retained this position； with improved morals； down to our own time。
When we come to look more closely at the ethics of love at the time of the Renaissance； we are struck by a remarkable Contrast。 The novelists and comic poets give us to understand that love consists only in sensual enjoyment； and that to win this； all means； tragic or comic； are not only permitted； but are interesting in proportion to their audacity and unscrupulousness。 But if we turn to the best of the lyric poets and writers of dialogues； we find in them a deep and spiritual passion of the noblest kind； whose last and highest expression is a revival of the ancient belief in an original unity of souls in the Divine Being。 And both modes of feeling were then genuine； and could co…exist in the same individual。 It is not exactly a matter of glory； but it is a fact； that； in the cultivated man of modern times； this sentiment can be not merely unconsciously present in both its highest and lowest stages； but may also manifest itself openly； and even artistically。 The modern man； like the man of antiquity； is in this respect too a microcosm； which the medieval man was not and could not be。
To begin with the morality of the novelists。 They treat chiefly； as we have said； of married women； and consequently of adultery。
The opinion mentioned above of the equality of the two sexes is of great importance in relation to this subject。 The highly developed and cultivated woman disposes of herself with a freedom unknown in Northern countries； and her unfaithfulness does not break up her life in the same terrible manner； so long as no outward consequences follow from it。 The husband's claim on her fidelity has not that firm foundation which it acquires in the North through the poetry and passion of courtship and betrothal。 After the briefest acquaintance with her future husband； the young wife quits the convent or the paternal roof to enter upon a world in which her character begins rapidly to develop。 The rights of the husband are for this reason conditional； and even the man who regards them in the light of a 'ius quaesitum' thinks only of the outward conditions of the contract； not of the affections。 The beautiful young wife of an old man sends back the presents and letters of a youthful lover； in the firm resolve to keep her honour （onesta）。 'But she rejoiced in the love of the youth for his great excellence； and she perceived that a noble woman may love a man of merit without loss to her honour。' But the way is short from such a distinction to a complete surrender。
The latter seems indeed as good as justified when there is unfaithfulness on the part of the husband。 The woman； conscious of her own dignity； feels this not only as a pain； but also as a humiliation and deceit； and sets to work； often with the calmest consciousness of what she is about； to devise the vengeance which the husband deserves。 Her tact must decide as to the measure of punishment which is suited to the particular case。 The deepest wound； for example； may prepare the way for a reconciliation and a peaceful life in the future； if only it remain secret。 The novelists； who themselves undergo such experiences or invent them according to the spirit of the age； are full of admiration when the vengeance is skillfully adapted to the particular case； in fact； when it is a work of art。 As a matter of course； the husband never at bottom recognizes this right of retaliation； and only submits to it from fear or prudence。 Where these motives are absent； where his wife's unfaithfulness exposes him or may expose him to the derision of outsiders； the affair becomes tragical； and not seldom ends in murder or other vengeance of a violent sort。 It is characteristic of the real motive from which these deeds arise； that not only the husbands； but the brothers and the father of the woman feel themselves not only justified in taking vengeance； but bound to take it。 Jealousy； therefore； has nothing to do with the matter； moral reprobation but little； the real reason is the wish to spoil the triumph of others。 'Nowadays；' says Bandello； 'we see a woman poison her husband to gratify her lusts； thinking that a widow may do whatever she desires。 Another； fearing the discovery of an illicit amour； has her husband murdered by her lover。 And though fathers； brothers； and husbands arise to extirpate the shame with poison； with the sword； and by every other means； women still continue to follow their passions； careless of their honour and their lives。' Another time； in milder strain； he exclaims： 'Would that we were not daily forced to hear that one man has murdered his wife because he suspected her of infidelity； that another has killed his daughter； on account of a secret marriage； that a third has caused his sister to be murdered； because she would not marry as he wished！ It is great cruelty that we claim the right to do whatever we list； and will not suffer women to do the same。 If they do anything which does not please us； there we are at once with cords and daggers and poison。 What folly it is of men to suppose their own and their house's honour depend on the appetite of a woman。 The tragedy in which such affairs commonly ended was so well known that the novelist looked on the threatened gallant as a dead man； even while he went about alive and merry。 The physician and lute…player Antonio Bologna had made a secret marriage with the widowed Duchess of Amalfi； of the house of Aragon。 Soon afterwards her brother succeeded in securing both her and her children； and murdered them in a castle。 Antonio； ignorant of their fate； and still cherishing the hope of seeing them again； was staying at Milan； closely watched by hired assassins； and one day in the society of Ippolita Sforza sang to the lute the story of his misfortunes。 A friend of the house； Delio； 'told the story up to this point to Scipione Atellano； and added that he would make it the subject of a novel； as he was sure that Antonio would be murdered。' The manner in which this took place； almost under the eyes of both Delio and Atellano； is movingly described by Bandello。
Nevertheless； the novelists habitually show a sympathy for all the ingenious； comic； and cunning features which may happen to attend adultery。 They describe with delight how the lover manages to hide himself in the house； all the means and devices by which he communicates with his mistress； the boxes with cushions and sweetmeats in which he can be hidden an
