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its　lower　aspects；　merely　in　its　greater　importance　and　its

greater　activity。　These　cause　it　to　be　more　engrossing　among

merchants　than　among　the　tillers　of　the　soil：　still；　facts　prove

that　this　state　of　things　has　many　relieving　shades。　The　man　who

is　accustomed　to　deal　in　large　sums　is　usually　raised　above　the

more　sordid　vices　of　covetousness　and　avarice　in　detail。　There

are　rich　misers；　certainly；　but　they　are　exceptions。　We　do　not

believe　that　the　merchant　is　one　tittle　more　mercenary　than　the

husbandman　in　his　motives；　while　he　is　certainly　much　more

liberal　of　his　gains。　One　deals　in　thousands；　the　other　in　tens

and　twenties。　It　is　seldom；　however；　that　a　failing　market；　or　a

sterile　season；　drives　the　owner　of　the　plough　to　desperation；

and　his　principles；　if　he　have　any；　may　be　preserved；　while　the

losses　or　risks　of　an　investment　involving　more　than　the　merchant

really　owns；　suspend　him　for　a　time　on　the　tenter…hooks　of

commercial　doubt。　The　man　thus　placed　must　have　more　than　a

common　share　of　integrity；　to　reason　right　when　interest　tempts

him　to　do　wrong。



Notwithstanding　the　generally　fallacious　character　of　the

governing　motive　of　all　commercial　communities；　there　is　much　to

mitigate　its　selfishness。　The　habit　of　regarding　the　entire

country　and　its　interests　with　a　friendly　eye；　and　of　associating

themselves　with　its　fortunes；　liberalizes　its　mind　and　wishes；

and　confers　a　catholic　spirit　that　the　capital　of　a　mere　province

does　not　possess。　Boston；　for　instance；　is　leagued　with　Lowell；

and　Lawrence；　and　Cambridge；　and　seldom　acts　collectively　without

betraying　its　provincial　mood；　while　New　York　receives　her　goods

and　her　boasted　learning　by　large　tran｛s｝shipments；　without　any

special　consciousness　of　the　transactions。　This　habit　of

generalizing　in　interests　encourages　the　catholic　spirit

mentioned；　and　will　account　for　the　nationality　of　the　great　mart

of　a　great　and　much　extended　country。　The　feeling　would　be　apt　to

endure　through　many　changes；　and　keep　alive　the　connection　of

commerce　even　after　that　of　the　political　relations　may　have

ceased。　New　York；　at　this　moment；　contributes　her　full　share　to

the　prosperity　of　London；　though　she　owes　no　allegiance　to　St。

James。



The　American　Union；　however；　has　much　more　adhesiveness　than　is

commonly　imagined。　The　diversity　and　complexity　of　its　interests

form　a　network　that　will　be　found；　like　the　web　of　the　spider；　to

possess　a　power　of　resistance　far　exceeding　its　gossamer

appearanceone　strong　enough　to　hold　all　that　it　was　ever

intended　to　inclose。　The　slave　interest　is　now　making　its　final

effort　for　supremacy；　and　men　are　deceived　by　the　throes　of　a

departing　power。　The　institution　of　domestic　slavery　cannot　last。

It　is　opposed　to　the　spirit　of　the　age；　and　the　figments　of　Mr。

Calhoun；　in　affirming　that　the　Territories　belong　to　the　States；

instead　of　the　Government　of　the　United　States；　and　the

celebrated　doctrine　of　the　equilibrium；　for　which　we　look　in　vain

into　the　Constitution　for　a　single　sound　argument　to　sustain　it；

are　merely　the　expiring　efforts　of　a　reasoning　that　cannot　resist

the　common　sense　of　the　nation。　As　it　is　healthful　to　exhaust　all

such　questions；　let　us　turn　aside　a　moment；　to　give　a　passing

glance　at　this　very　material　subject。



｛Calhoun　=　Senator　John　C。　Calhoun　（1782…1850｝　of　South　Carolina｝



At　the　time　when　the　Constitution　was　adopted；　three　classes　of

persons　were　〃held　to　service〃　in　the　countryapprentices；

redemptioners；　and　slaves。　The　two　first　classes　were　by　no　means

insignificant　in　1789；　and　the　redemptioners　were　rapidly

increasing　in　numbers。　In　that　day；　it　looked　as　if　this

speculative　importation　of　laborers　from　Europe　was　to　form　a

material　part　of　the　domestic　policy　of　the　Northern　States。　Now

the　negro　is　a　human　being；　as　well　as　an　apprentice　or　a

redemptioner；　though　the　Constitution　does　not　consider　him　as

the　equal　of　either。　It　is　a　great　mistake　to　suppose　that　the

Constitution　of　the　United　States；　as　it　now　exists；　recognizes

slavery　in　any　manner　whatever；　unless　it　be　to　mark　it　as　an

interest　that　has　less　than　the　common　claim　to　the　ordinary

rights　of　humanity。　In　the　apportionment；　or　representation

clause；　the　redemptioner　and　the　apprentice　counts　each　as　a　man；

whereas　five　slaves　are　enumerated　as　only　three　free　men。　The

free　black　is　counted　as　a　man；　in　all　particulars；　and　is

represented　as　such；　but　his　fellow　in　slavery　has　only　three

fifths　of　his　political　value。



This　is　the　celebrated　clause　in　which　the　Constitution　is　said

to　recognize　slavery。　To　our　view　the　clause　is　perfectly

immaterial　in　this　sense；　making　the　simple　provision　that　so

long　as　a　State　shall　choose　to　keep　a　portion　of　her　people　in

this　subordinate　condition；　she　shall　enjoy　only　this　limited

degree　of　representation。　To　us；　it　appears　to　be　a　concession

made　to　freedom；　and　not　to　slavery。　There　is　no　obligation；

unless　self…imposed；　to　admit　any　but　a　minority　of　her　whites　to

the　enjoyment　of　political　power；　aristocracy　being；　in　truth；

more　closely　assimilated　to　republicanism　than　democracy。

Republicanism　means　the　sovereignty　of　public　THINGS　instead　of

that　of　PERSONS；　or　the　representation　of　the　COMMON　interests；

in　lieu　of　those　of　a　monarch。　There　is　no　common　principle　of

popular　sway　recognized　in　the　Constitution。　In　the　government　of

the　several　States　monarchy　is　denounced；　but　democracy　is

nowhere　proclaimed　or　insisted　on。　Marked　differences　in　the

degrees　of　popular　control　existed　in　the　country　in　1789；　and

though　time　is　lessening　them；　are　still　to　be　found　among　us。



The　close　consideration　of　all　these　facts；　we　feel　persuaded

will　give　a　coloring　to　some　of　the　most　important　interests　of

the　country；　differing　essentially　from　those　that　have　been

loosely　adopted　in　the　conflicts　of　parties；　and　many　heresies

appear　to　us　to　have　crept　into　the　political　creed　of　the

Republic；　purely　from　the　struggles　of　faction。　When　men　have　a

specific　and　important　purpose　in　view；　it　is　but　natural　they

should　bend　most　of　its　collateral　connections　to　the　support　of

their　own　objects。　We　conceive　that　the　Constitution　has　thus

been　largely　misinterpreted；　and　they　who　live　at　the　epoch　of

the　renowned　〃equilibrium〃　and　of　the　〃rights　of　the　people　of

the　Sovereign　States；〃　will　have　seen　memorable　examples　of　the

truth　of　this　position。



The　first　popular　error；　then；　that　we　shall　venture　to　assail；

is　that　connected　with　the　prevalent　notion　of　the　sovereignty　of

the　States。　We　do　not　believe　that　the　several　States　of　this

Union　are；　in　any　legitimate　meaning　of　the　term；　sovereign　at

all。　We　are　fully　aware　that　this　will　be　regarded　as　a　bold；　and

possibly　as　a　presuming　proposition；　but　we　shall　endeavor　to

work　it　out　with　such　means　as　we　may　have　at　command。



We　lay　down　the　following　premises　as　too　indisputable　to　need

any　arguments　to　sustain　them：　viz。；　the　authority　which　formed

the　present　Constitution　of　the　United　States　had　the　legal　power

to　do　so。　That　authority　was　in　the　Government　of　the　States；

respectively；　and　not　in　their　people　in　the　popular

signification；　but　through　their　people　in　the　political　meaning

of　the　term；　and　what　was　then　done　must　be　regarded　as　acts

connected　with　the　composition　and　nature　of　governments；　and　of

no　minor　or　different　interests　of　human　affairs。



It　being　admitted；　that　the　power　which　formed　the　government；

was　legitimate；　we　obtain　one　of　the　purest　compacts　for　the

organization　of　human　society　that　probably　ever　existed。　The

ancient　allegiance；　under　which　the　Colonies　had　grown　up　to

importance；　had　been　extinguished　by　solemn　treaty；　and　the

States　met　in　Convention；　sustained　by　all　the　law　they　had　and

backed　in　every　instance　by　institutions　that　were　more　or　less

popular。　The　history　of　the　world　cannot；　probably；　furnish

another　instance　of　the　settlement　of　the　fundamental　compact　of

a　great　nation　under　circumstances　of　so　much　obvious　justice。

This　gives　unusual　solemnity　and　authority　to　the　Constitution　of

1787；　and　invests　it　with　additional　claims　to　our　admiration　and

respect。



The　authority　which　formed　the　Constitution　admitted；　we　come

next　to　the　examination　of　its　acts。　It　is　apparent　from　the

debates　and　proceedings　of　the　Convention；　that　two　opinions

existed　in　that　body；　the　one　leaning　strongly　toward　the

concentration　of　power　in　the　hands　of　the　Federal　Government；

and　the　other　desirous　of　leaving　as　much　as　possible　with　the

respective　States。　The　principle　that　the　powers　which　are　not

directly　conceded　to　the　Union　should　remain　in　first　hands；

would　seem　never　to　have　been　denied；　and　some　years　after　the

organization　of　the　Government；　it　was　solemnly　recognized　in　an

amendment。　We　are　not　disposed；　however；　to　look　for　arguments　to

the　debates　and　di