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第19部分

the vested interests and the common man-第19部分

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    In the ordinary course of management some considerable amount 
of means and effort is spent in the pursuit of profitable sales 
and in creating or acquiring an advantage in their further 
pursuit。 The enduring result; if any; is a body of intangible 
assets in the nature of what is called good…will。 The ordinary 
expenditure incurred for this purpose is so considerable; in 
fact; that the 〃selling cost〃 will not infrequently be far and 
away the larger part of those costs that are to be covered by the 
price of advertised goods or advertised traffic。 This necessary 
consumption of work and means with a view to increase sales and 
to create a prospective increase of profits is to be counted as 
net waste; of course; in the sense that it contributes nothing to 
the total output of serviceable goods; present or prospective。 
The net aggregate result is to lay equipment idle; hinder 
traffic; and induce credulous persons now and again to change 
their mind about what things they will buy。 
    Roughly; any business concern which so comes in for an 
habitual run of free income comes to have a vested right in this 
〃income stream;〃 and this preferred standing of the concern in 
this respect is recognised by calling such a concern a 〃vested 
interest;〃 or a 〃special interest;〃 Free income of this kind; not 
otherwise accounted for; may be capitalised if it promises to 
continue; and it can then be entered on the books as an item of 
immaterial wealth; a prospective source of gain。 So long as it 
has not been embodied in a marketable legal instrument; any such 
item of intangible assets will be nothing more than a method of 
notation; a book…keeper's expedient。 But it can readily be 
covered with some form of corporation security; as; e。g。; 
preferred stock or bonds; and it then becomes an asset in due 
standing and a vested interest endowed with legal tenure。 
    Ordinarily any reasonably uniform and permanent run of free 
income of this kind will be covered by an issue of corporate 
securities with a fixed rate of interest or dividends; whereupon 
the free income in question becomes a fixed overhead charge on 
the concern's business; to be carried as an item of ordinary and 
unavoidable outlay and included in the necessary cost of 
production of the concern's output of goods or services。 But 
whether it is covered by an issue of vendible securities or 
carried in a less formal manner as a source of income not 
otherwise accounted for; such a vested right to get something for 
nothing will rightly be valued and defended against infraction 
from outside as a proprietary right; an item of immaterial but 
very substantial wealth。 
    There is nothing illegitimate or doubtful about this 
incorporation of unearned income into the ordinary costs of 
production on which 〃reasonable profits〃 are computed。 〃The law 
allows it and the court awards it。〃 To indicate how utterly 
congruous it all is with the new order of business enterprise it 
may be called to mind that not only do the captains of 
corporation finance habitually handle the matter in that way; but 
the same view is accepted by those public authorities who are 
called in to review and regulate the traffic of the business 
concerns governed by these captains of finance。 The later 
findings are apparently unequivocal; to the effect that when once 
a run of free income has been capitalised and docketed as an 
asset it becomes a legitimate overhead charge; and it is then 
justly to be counted among necessary costs and covered by the 
price which consumers should reasonably pay for the concern's 
offering of goods or services。 
    Such a finding has come to be a fairly well settled matter of 
course both among the officials and among the law…abiding 
investors; so far as regards those intangible assets that are 
covered by vendible securities carrying a fixed rate; and the 
logic of this finding is doubtless sound according to the 
principles of the modern point of view; which were put into 
stable form before the coming of corporation finance。 There may 
still be a doubt or a question whether valuable perquisites of 
the same nature; which continue to be held loosely as an informal 
vested interest; as; e。g。; merchantable good…will; are similarly 
entitled to the benefit of the common law which secures any owner 
in the usufruct of his property。 To such effect have commonly 
been the findings of courts and boards of inquiry; of Public 
Utility Commissions; of such bodies as the Interstate Commerce 
Commission; the Federal Trade Commission; and latterly of divers 
recently installed agencies for the control of prices and output 
in behalf of the public interest; so; for instance; right lately; 
certain decisions and recommendations of the War Labor Board。 
    Any person with a taste for curiosities of human behavior 
might well pursue this question of capitalised free income into 
its further convolutions; and might find reasonable entertainment 
in so doing。 The topic also has merits as a subject for economic 
theory。 But for the present argument it may suffice to note that 
this free income and the business…like contrivances by which it 
is made secure and legitimate are of the essence of this new 
order of business enterprise; that the abiding incentive to such 
enterprise lies in this unearned income; and that the intangible 
assets which are framed to cover this line of 〃earnings;〃 
therefore; constitute the substantial core of corporate capital 
under the new order。 In passing; it may also be noted that there 
is room for a division of sentiment as regards this disposal of 
the community's net production; and that peremptory questions of 
class interest and public policy touching these matters may 
presently be due to come to a hearing。 
 
    To some; this manner of presenting the case may seem 
unfamiliar; and it may therefore be to the purpose to restate the 
upshot of this account in the briefest fashion: Capital  at 
least under the new order of business enterprise  is 
capitalised prospective gain。 From this arises one of the 
singularities of the current situation in business and its 
control of industry; viz。; that the total face value; or even the 
total market value of the vendible securities which cover any 
given block of industrial equipment and material resources; and 
which give title to its ownership; always and greatly exceeds the 
total market value of the equipment and resources to which the 
securities give title of ownership; and to which alone in the 
last resort they do give title。 The margin by which the 
capitalised value of the going concern exceeds the value of its 
material properties is commonly quite wide。 Only in the case of 
small and feeble corporations; or such concerns as are balancing 
along the edge of bankruptcy; does this margin of intangible 
values narrow down and tend to disappear。 Any industrial business 
concern which does not enjoy such a margin of capitalised free 
earning…capacity has fallen short of ordinary business success 
and is possessed of no vested interest。 
    This margin of free income which is capitalised in the value 
of the going concern comes out of the net product of industry 
over cost。 It is secured by successful bargaining and an 
advantageous position in the market; which involves some 
derangement and retardation of the industrial system;  so much 
so as greatly to reduce the net margin of production over cost。 
Approximately the whole of this remaining margin of free income 
goes to the business men in charge; or to the business concerns 
for whom this management is carried on。 In case the free income 
which is gained in this way promises to continue; it presently 
becomes a vested right。 It may then be formally capitalised as an 
immaterial asset having a recognised earning…capacity equal to 
this prospective free income。 That is to say; the outcome is a 
capitalised claim to get something for nothing; which constitutes 
a vested interest。 The total gains which hereby accrue to the 
owners of these vested rights amount to something less than the 
total loss suffered by the community at large through that delay 
of production and derangement of industry that is involved in the 
due exercise of these rights。 In other words; and as seen from 
the other side; this free income which the community allows its 
kept classes in the way of returns on these vested rights and 
intangible assets is the price which the community is paying to 
the owners of this imponderable wealth for material damage 
greatly exceeding that amount。 But it should be kept in mind and 
should be duly credited to the good intentions of these 
businesslike managers; that the ulterior object sought by all 
this management is not the 100 per cent of mischief to the 
community but only the 10 per cent of private gain for themselves 
and their clients; 
 
    So far as they bear immediately on the argument at this point 
the main facts are substantially as set forth。 But to avoid any 
appearance of undue novelty; as well as to avoid the appearance 
of neglecting relevant facts; something more is to be said i

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